brief 1task3 part 2

Editing to rhythm 

Editing  Rhythm is used when editors want to keep the pace of the film to match the action that is going on. Slow cuts and edits have a calming feel to the edit where as a fast cut edit has a lively and aggressive feel to the edit. 

cutting to soundtrack- 

Cutting to soundtrack is when an editor chooses this technique because this means that the editing point will determined on a soundtrack being used. The most common way editors choose to do this technique is by editing to a song track. An example of cutting to soundtrack is "glee"  this is a good example because the beat of the music helps the editor determined on the point that editing is done.

cross cutting 

Cross cutting is what an editor will do after they have created a series or a scenes or sequences, this will allow them to re order them. By cross cutting this allows them to create drama that will allow them to go forwards and backwards in time. Cross cutting can be used for when a character is either having a flash back or a flash forward.  An example of a film that uses cross cutting is the film The Godfather. 

 

brief 1 task 3

Editing-

Editing is the process of looking at all the footage that was shot during the making of a film or a TV program. However placing it in the desired ordered and joining it together is also a main part of editing,. When producing films or tv programs they would be captured on celluloid which 35mm this is also known as a film. Within editing there are two key areas that people concentrate on with editing these are;

• Speed of editing- how long does each shot last 
• style of editing- how each shot is joined to the next 

Speed of editing- 

With the speed of editing with in a film each scene mat last a matter of seconds. It could also continue for minuets but the length of each sequence will establish the pace of the film moving and also the action along. The speed of editing will help to determine the mood which is being created on the screen. When the audience feel anxiety and suspense this means that the editing will be quick also the scenes and shots will be changing frequently. An example of this is an action film.  However if there is more of a relax mood this means that scenes last longer and will change less frequently. An example of this is a romantic comedy. With the speed of editing it is important to consider how quickly or how slow the shots appear within a sequence. Also you would need to consider how long each shot will appear on screen for. An example of all the important things you should consider when looking at the speed of editing is The good the bad and the ugly.
The duel out of the good the bad and the ugly is good example of showing speed of editing because this video is showing different speeds of editing, different shots that are used with in editing. However because its an action film the shots are more shorter and there are more of them, by the director doing this this is building tension and suspense to the audience.

No editing-
No editing is when there is no cuts within the film this is when the film is filmed in one shot. An example of this is the russian Ark.








Trailer-
A trailer is a short clip of a film that has been picked out by the director of the film to be shown to the public. Trailers are used when they are trying to advertise the film for the first time to make people want to come and watch the film. The trailer would be a dramatic part of the film to make the viewer want to know what will happen next and want them to go and see it. Each film that is made will have a trailer to be shown to the public. An example of a good trailer is iorn man







Opening to films-

Opening to films will be started of in a exciting or in a dramatic way to make sure that the view is going to be engaged and interested in the film. Also when opening films they will either use famouse lines or they will make sure there is going to be a drama scene to make the viewer interested. An example of a good opening of a film is spider man



Action of sequence

Action of sequence shows the editor using fast editing. An example of action of sequence is Psycho the shower scene.



Style of editing-

There are many different styles of editing that are used when editing a movie or a program. The different styles if editing are;

1. how the shots are linked together 
2. the movement from one shot to the next is known as transition 

Straight cut- 

The straight cut is the most common and also known as the "invisible" form of transition. However with one shot moves instantaneously to the next without attracting the audience's attention.  with straight cuts they help to retain reality in the film world. Straight cuts the do not break the viewers suspension of disbelief.

Dissolves-

when editing if someone fading one sot off the screen while another shot is fading in. However the audience will be able to see both shots on the screen this will be at the mid-point of the dissolve. This can be used if a film maker wants to show connection between two characters, places or objects.

Fades-

Fades are gradual darkening or lightening of an image until it becomes black or white. With fade shots one shot will fade until only a black screen or white screen will be visible to the audience. This can be used to show the passing of time, it also can indicate the end of a particular section of time within the story.

The video Citizen Kane identifies several different types of editing such as dissolves, fades and straight cuts.


 Wipes-

Wipes are when one image is pushed of the screen by another, this means an image can be pushed left or right. With wipes it is more common for them to pushed off the left hand side as this moment is more consistent, with the sense of time moving forward. Wipes can be used when a single movement between different locations that are experiencing the same time. A film where wipes are used is Star wars.
Jump cut-

Jump cut is where the audience attention is brought into focus on something very suddenly. Jump cuts occur by braking the continuity editing. This is also known as discontinuity. this will appear as if a section of the sequence has been removed. an example of a film that uses a jump cut is a bout de souffle


Graphic match-

A film maker can choose to place shot in a certain order, this will help create a smooth visual transfer from one frame to the other. When there are two consecutive shots that are matched in terms of the way they look this is called a GRAPHIC match. Films that use graphic matches are

• war of the worlds 
• raiders of the lost ark 
• psycho
• space odyssey 

An example of a film that uses graphic match is Psycho which was made by Alfred Hitchcock .

Montage theory- 

Lee Kuleshov was the very first person to theorise about the relatively young medium of the cinema in the 1920's. Lev Kuleshov argued that editing a film is like "constructing a building", brick by brick in film language shot by shot the building erected (film). Around the 1918 a russian director called Lev kusleshov conducted and experiment that proves this point. He proved his point by taking an old film clip of a head shot of a noted russian actor and inter-cut the shot with different images.

an example of montage theory-

montage editing-
Montage editing contains many different images quickly edited together. The images do not provide a sense of the narrative moving forward but are still meaning full. Rapid cuts will force the viewer to consider the connections between the images that are being shown, however there may not be an obvious connection or they might be deliberately unconnected. They are often used to reflect chaso, tension or disturbance, a characters state of mind.  Finally this may haver an overall thematic or visual connection.
An example of of montage editing "the montage" sequence from team America world police



Another example of montage is soviet montage . An example of where soviet montage is used is in the film Sergei eisentein strike continuity editing-

Continuity editing retains a sense of realistic chronology and generates the feeling that time is moving forward. They may do this by using flash backs or flash forwards. But however the the narrative will still be seen to be progressing forward in an expected/ realistic way.

Continuity editing contains 3 different types;

1. Eye line match 
2. match on action 
3. Graphic match 

Eye line match- 

Eye line match is when a character is looking at something off the screen and, then we cut to a shot of what they are looking at. 

Match on action- 

Match on action is when the audience see a character start an action in one shot then see them continue it in the next.

Graphic match- 

Graphic match is when to shots are linked with a similar shape or composition of an image. An example of a good graphic match is in the film psycho.

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Analogue editing/ digital editing-

Analogue editing is the cutting together or pieces of celluloid film and cutting and colouring the celluloid all by hand.

Digital editing is a form of electronic media that data is stored in a digital, where as analogue editing is all stored on celluloid digital is stored in folders. Digital editing s the use of computers to order and manipulate digital data. The main program that is used for digital editing is final cut express, there are many different versions of this program but it is also is supported by apple. 

Video editing- 

video editing is the process of editing in parts of motion video production. This could be from footage special effects and sound recordings which was in the post production process. However before digital technology became available magnetic tapes were used to store the informatio. The tapes where know as video tapes. Finally with editing it has been superseded by digital editing, this has happened because digital editing is faster and also a cheaper option to edit because you only have to pay for the software and the computer where as doing it all by hand you will need to keep renewing tools and also buying more tape. 

Non linear editing- 

In digital video editing non linear editing is a method. This a method that allows someone to access any frame in the digital clip, this is regardless of the sequence in the clip. This is also the freedom to access any frame which will use a cut and paste method which is similar to the ease of cutting and pasting in a word document. also it allows you to easy to include many different techniques such as fades,transitions and other effects that cannot be achieve with linear editing.  

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In camera editing-

In camera is a latin phrase which stands for "in chambers" this is translated to camera editing because this means that some editors will edit the film within the camera but if they edit it within the camera and the editing goes wrong they will have to redo that recording again. In camera editing is known as a technique of video production, the videographer shoots the shots in the exact order that they will be viewed in, this a very unique technique and process that many videographers may be intimidated by. The process of in camera editing takes an immense amount of planning so that all the shots are filmed and to be made sure that they will be viewed within that order. With in camera editing there is no cutting out and editing scenes later on. Once the videographer has filmed the very last scene then this means the production is completely finished.  An example of in camera-


following the action-

Following the action is when there is movement or an in action scene. With a follow the action the camera would follow the event or the action that is taking place. An example of following the action is Mr&Mrs smith-
With the example above the camera is rotating around the gun battle to show more of the action instead of the director staying at one angle.

Multiple points of view-

Multiple points of view is when the characters or the actors are showing each side of a particular point of view. Also they will show where one character will show what he or she is seeing then it will change to the second character and repeat of what they have done to the first character. An example of a film that uses multiple points of views is iron man.



Shot variation-

Short variation is when there is a shot that is uninterrupted by editing and the shot distance is changed. The shot will either be static or mobile but it must be a continuous motion. An example of this is when the shot begins as a long or wide shot then ends in a close up. An example from the matrix is a prime example because its starts as a long shot then the camera moves in a circular motion and ends in a mid shot.


Manipulation of diegetic time and space-
Manipulation of the diegetic time and space is when a film uses effects that will show and age or a time change. When the time is changing it can either be a person, a object or an environment which is either getting older or younger. There are many films that use this technique but a prime example is The time machine, in this film the time traveller enters the time machine and the time machine and the environment changes as the traveller is travelling through time.

AS1 Brief 1 part 2

Montage example-
However another example of montage is apocalypse now which is made by Francis Ford Coppola. This film was made in 1979 it was an epic war film that was set during Vietnam war.




Methods of montage- 

Montage is motion picture terminology, which is from the french for putting or assembly is a film technique. There are three different terms for montage;

• The first term is by the french which is practice "montage" has its literal french meaning which is "assembly, installation and simply identifies editing". 
• The second term of montage is by Soviet film-making of the 1920's- Montage is a method of juxtaposing shots to derive new meaning that did not exist in either shots alone. 
• The third term of montage is by Classical Hollywood cinema- Montage sequence is a short segment inf a film which narrative information which is presented in a condensed fashion. 

A film that shows an example of montage sequence is Rocky when he is preparing for his fight. 

Soviet montage theory- 

Sergei Eisenstein was a student of the Russian Director Lev Kuleshov. but they both parted away as they both had different ideas of montage. Eisenstein thought montage as a dialectical means of creating meaning, this was done by contrasting unrelated shots he tried to provoke associations in the viewer, which was induced by shocks. An example to show Sergei theory is Strike, also another example is battleship potemkin

Continuity editing- 

Continuity editing retains a sense of realistic chronology and generates the feeling of time is moving forward. They may use flash backs or flash forwards but the narrative will still be seen in the process of going forward in an expected or realistic way. Continuity editing became known as the popular “classical Hollywood” style of editing which was developed by early European and American directors such as D.W. Griffith in his films The birth of the Nation and Intolerance. The classical style ensures temporal and spatial continuity. They would use many different techniques such as;

1.     180 degree rule

2.     Establishing shot

3.     Shot reverse shot

4.     Eye line match

5.     Match on action

6.     Graphic match

Eye line match-

Eye line match is when we see a character looking at something that is off the screen and then we cut to a short of what they’re looking at. the image below is showing an example of eye line match. 

Match on action-

Match on action is when we see a character at the start of an action in on shot them see them continue it in the next shot.

Graphic match-

Graphic match is when two shots are linked with a similar shape or composition of an image. The picture below is an example of graphic match from the film psycho the circular image of the plug whole with the next image of marions eye. 

French new wave-

French new wave film makers such as Jean Luc Godard and Francosi Truffaut, went far with limits of editing techniques during the late 1950’s and also throughout the 1960’s. French new wave films and the non-narrative films of the 1960’s used carefree editing style an didn’t conform to the traditional editing etiquette of Hollywood films. French new wave films editing mainly drew attention it itself because of the lack of continuity and its self-reflexive nature, but finally the over use of jump cuts of the insertion of material not often related to any narrative. An example where jump cuts are over used is A bout de soufflé -

The first Moviola- 
Before the widespread of use of non-linear editing systems there was initial editing. Initial editing was done with a positive copying copy of the film negative this was called a film work print which was also known as copying in the UK. By someone physically cutting and pasting together bits of film they would do this by using a splicer then they would thread the film onto the machine then it will then be able to be viewed from  Moviola.

Final cut- 

In the 21st century most films are now edited on a piece of software called Avoid or final cut express. In the 21st century most of the films will be edited digitally. Due to the advent of digital intermediate other wise none as DI the physically negative doesn't physically need to be cut or spliced together. The negative is optically scanned into a computer onto the software and a cut list is confirmed by a DI editor. There are many different types of final cut software's these are;

1. Final cut pro 5
2. final cut studios
3. final cut express HD
4. final cut express 4

and there are many more types. Also with final cut express its supports are Apple, this product is mainly run from Apple products for example Apple Mac.

Rules of editing-

The Hollywood director called Edward Dmytryk came up with seven rules of cutting, which a good editor should follow. The rules he came up with are;

1. Never make a cut without a positive reason
2. when undecided about the exact frame to cut on cut the frame long instead of short.
3. Whenever possible cut in movement
4.  the "Fresh" is preferable to the "stale"
5. all scenes should begin and end with continuing action
6. cut for proper rules rather than proper "matches"
7. Substance first then form

The seven rules above are the rules that the Hollywood director followed to make so many people successful with in cutting and editing.

Walter Murch's-

Walter Murch's also came up with six main criteria for evaluating a cut or deciding where to cut. Walter Murch's had a different view to the rules that the Hollywood director Edward DMytryk came up with. The rules that Walter Murch's came up with they was put into order of importance first then
given a national percentage values. The six criteria Walter came up with are;

• Emotion 51%- does the cut reflect what the editor believes the audience should be feeling at that moment
• Story 23%- Does the cut advance the story
•  rhythm 10%-does the cut occur at a moment that is rhythmically interesting and right
• Eye trace 7%-does the cut pay respect to the location and movement of the audience focus of interest with in the frame
• Two dimensional plane of the screen 5%- Does the cut respect the 180 degree rule ?
• Three dimensional space of action 4%- is the cut true to the physical/spatial relationship within the diegesis.